Diseases

Mayaro Virus Disease (MVD) : Causing Agent, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

Mayaro Virus Disease (MVD) : Causing Agent, Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

Introduction :

  • Mayaro Virus Disease is caused by Mayaro virus (MAYV), its vectors are Haemagogus spp mosquitoes.

Causing Virus :

  • Causing agent : Mayaro virus (MAYV) – an alphaviruses
  • Mayaro Virus Doctoralerts
  • Principal Reservoir Host(s) : Nonhuman primates, possums, Rodents
  • Vector(s) : Mosquitoes (predominantly Haemagogus spp.)
  • Haemagogus janthinomys doctoralerts

Epidemiology :

  • Mayaro virus is closely related to chikungunya virus and was first isolated in Trinidad in 1954. Most reported cases, however, have been confined to small outbreaks in the Amazon.
  • Mayaro viruses is epidemic in South America.
  • University of Florida researchers have identified a patient in Haiti with a serious mosquito-borne illness that has never before been reported in the Caribbean nation. Whether this case signals the start of a new outbreak in the Caribbean region is currently unknown.
  • “While current attention has been focused on the Zika virus, the finding of yet another mosquito-borne virus which may be starting to circulate in the Caribbean is of concern,” said Glenn Morris, M.D., M.P.H., director of the UF Emerging Pathogens Institute.
  • “Hopefully we will not see the same massive epidemics that we saw with chikungunya, dengue and now Zika. However, these findings underscore the fact that there are additional viruses ‘waiting in the wings’ that may pose threats in the future, and for which we need to be watching.”

Clinical Symptoms :

Symptoms of Mayaro virus disease is closely resembles with that of chikungunya virus disease.
Mayaro virus disease is characterised by following symptoms:

  • Fever (Mayaro fever),
  • Arthritis (acute polyarthritis) – Joint pain ( joint pain can last longer),
  • Muscle pain,
  • Abdominal pain
  • Rashes.
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Discovery :

  • The case was identified from a blood sample taken in January 2015 from an 8-year-old boy in rural Haiti. The patient had a fever and abdominal pain but no rash or conjunctivitis. Because faculty from the UF Emerging Pathogens Institute were in the region during and after the 2014 chikungunya outbreak, plasma samples were obtained from febrile children and analyzed for the presence of chikungunya virus RNA using a genetic identification technique known as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  • The plasma samples, which were examined by UF’s Maha Elbadry, Ph.D., in Gressier, Haiti, were then sent to EPI for additional virology and molecular analyses, focusing on the detection of chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses. Dengue virus was detected in the patient, in addition to a “new” virus that was subsequently identified as Mayaro.
  • “The virus we detected is genetically different from the ones that have been described recently in Brazil, and we don’t know yet if it is unique to Haiti or if it is a recombinant strain from different types of Mayaro viruses,” said John Lednicky, Ph.D., an associate professor in the environmental and global health department at the UF College of Public Health and Health Professions and the study’s lead author.
  • mayaro virus disease mvd-rt-pcr

Diagnosis :

MAYV infection can be confirmed by laboratory testing – Serology & Virology methods.

  • Serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISA) detect antibodies like IgM (IgM-capture ELISA) . This test usually requires a consecutive retest to confirm increasing titers. While the IgG detection is applied for epidemiology studies.
  • Virological methods such as reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), virus isolation. Virus isolation in cell culture is effective during viremia. RT-PCR helps to identify virus.

Treatment :

  • There is no cure (no specific antiviral drug) for the disease; prevention is best.
  • Treatment is symptomatic.

Prevention :

ALSO READ : Chikungunya Virus Disease : Overview, Causing Agent, Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

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